body.single .container.my-8.mx-auto {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  margin-top: 0;
  max-width: none;
  padding-left: 0;
  padding-right: 0;
  width: 100%;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell {
  background: #eef3f7;
  margin-left: calc(50% - 50vw);
  padding: 30px 20px 1px;
  width: 100vw;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell {
    padding: 12px 14px 48px;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1110px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-breadcrumbs {
  color: #002f5f;
  font-size: 14px;
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.4;
  margin: 0 0 76px;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-breadcrumbs {
    font-size: 12px;
    margin-bottom: 36px;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-breadcrumbs a {
  color: #002f5f;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-breadcrumbs strong {
  font-weight: 800;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-breadcrumbs span {
  color: #002f5f;
  margin: 0 8px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card {
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 12px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1062px;
  padding: 34px 32px 46px;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card {
    padding: 26px 20px 32px;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-meta {
  color: #5d6570;
  font-size: 12px;
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.35;
  margin: 0 0 8px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-meta a {
  color: #5d6570;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-title {
  color: #002f5f;
  font-size: 34px;
  font-weight: 800;
  line-height: 1.1;
  margin: 0 0 34px;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-title {
    font-size: 29px;
    margin-bottom: 24px;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-byline {
  align-items: center;
  display: flex;
  gap: 20px;
  justify-content: space-between;
  margin: 0 0 30px;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-byline {
    align-items: flex-start;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 8px;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-byline .oup-single-author,
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-byline .oup-single-reading-time {
  color: #5c5c5c;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.35;
  margin: 0;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-byline .oup-single-author strong {
  font-weight: 700;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-byline .oup-single-reading-time {
  white-space: nowrap;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-byline .oup-single-reading-time {
    white-space: normal;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-featured {
  margin: 0 0 34px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-featured img {
  display: block;
  height: 392px;
  object-fit: cover;
  width: 100%;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-featured img {
    height: auto;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content {
  color: #4c5661;
  font-size: 16px;
  line-height: 1.65;
  margin: 0 auto;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content {
    font-size: 15px;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content p {
  color: #5c5c5c;
  font-size: 18px;
  margin: 0 0 22px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content h2 {
  color: #002f5f;
  font-size: 24px;
  font-weight: 800;
  line-height: 1.2;
  margin: 24px 0 22px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content h3 {
  color: #002f5f;
  font-size: 21px;
  font-weight: 800;
  line-height: 1.2;
  margin: 24px 0 18px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content img {
  height: auto;
  max-width: 100%;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content a {
  color: #005f9e;
  font-weight: 800;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content .oup-content-box {
  padding-left: 80px;
  padding-right: 80px;
}
@media (max-width: 1024px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content .oup-content-box {
    padding-left: 40px;
    padding-right: 40px;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content .oup-content-box {
    padding-left: 0;
    padding-right: 0;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content .oup-content-box p:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content .oup-content-video {
  background: #000;
  margin: 26px 0;
  width: 100%;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content .oup-content-video iframe {
  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
  border: 0;
  display: block;
  height: auto;
  width: 100%;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content .oup-content-highlight {
  background: #f3f6f8;
  border-left: 16px solid #4775ae;
  color: #5c5c5c;
  font-size: 21px;
  font-weight: 800;
  line-height: 1.45;
  margin: 32px 0;
  padding: 32px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content .oup-content-columns {
  align-items: flex-start;
  display: grid;
  gap: 28px;
  grid-template-columns: 42% 1fr;
  margin: 30px 0 0;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content .oup-content-columns {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content .oup-content-columns p:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content .oup-content-button {
  align-items: center;
  background: #4f7fb8;
  border-radius: 12px;
  box-shadow: 0px 3px 0px 0px #002147;
  color: #fff;
  display: inline-flex;
  font-size: 1.263rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  height: 56px;
  justify-content: center;
  line-height: 1.2;
  padding-left: 2.25rem;
  padding-right: 2.25rem;
  text-decoration: underline;
  transition-duration: 300ms;
  transition-property: background-color, opacity;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-content .oup-content-button:hover {
  background: #005f9e;
  color: #fff;
  opacity: 1;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-share {
  margin: 38px auto 0;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-share .oup-single-share-title {
  font-size: 16px;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin-bottom: 7px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-share .oup-single-share-list {
  align-items: center;
  display: flex;
  gap: 8px;
  margin: 0;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-share .oup-single-share-list .oup-single-share-link {
  align-items: center;
  background: transparent;
  border-radius: 0;
  color: #002147;
  display: inline-flex;
  height: 24px;
  justify-content: center;
  line-height: 1;
  text-decoration: none;
  width: 24px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-share .oup-single-share-list .oup-single-share-link:hover {
  color: #002147;
  opacity: 0.75;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-share .oup-single-share-list .oup-single-share-link svg {
  display: block;
  height: auto;
  max-width: 24px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-tags {
  align-items: center;
  display: flex;
  gap: 12px;
  margin: 22px auto 0;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-tags {
    align-items: flex-start;
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-tags .oup-single-tags-title {
  color: #002147;
  font-size: 14px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-tags .oup-single-tags-list {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 8px;
  margin: 0;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-tags .oup-single-tags-list .oup-single-tag {
  border: 2px solid #4775ae;
  border-radius: 9999px;
  color: #4775ae;
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 12px;
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.2;
  padding: 7px 12px;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-single-card .oup-single-tags .oup-single-tags-list .oup-single-tag:hover {
  background-color: #4775ae;
  color: #fff;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts {
  margin: 54px auto 0;
  max-width: 1062px;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts {
    margin-top: 42px;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-posts-title {
  color: #5f6267;
  font-size: 34px;
  font-weight: 800;
  line-height: 1.15;
  margin: 0 0 24px;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-posts-title {
    font-size: 28px;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider {
  display: grid;
  gap: 32px;
  grid-auto-columns: calc((100% - 64px) / 3);
  grid-auto-flow: column;
  overflow-x: auto;
  scroll-behavior: smooth;
  scroll-snap-type: x mandatory;
  scrollbar-width: none;
}
@media (max-width: 1024px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider {
    grid-auto-columns: calc((100% - 32px) / 2);
  }
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider {
    gap: 20px;
    grid-auto-columns: 88%;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider::-webkit-scrollbar {
  display: none;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider .oup-related-card {
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 14px;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  min-height: 440px;
  overflow: hidden;
  scroll-snap-align: start;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider .oup-related-card {
    min-height: 420px;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider .oup-related-card .oup-related-card-image {
  display: block;
  height: 210px;
  overflow: hidden;
  text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider .oup-related-card .oup-related-card-image {
    height: 190px;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider .oup-related-card .oup-related-card-image img {
  display: block;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  width: 100%;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider .oup-related-card .oup-related-card-content {
  align-items: center;
  display: flex;
  flex: 1;
  flex-direction: column;
  padding: 22px 28px 30px;
  text-align: center;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider .oup-related-card .oup-related-card-content .oup-related-card-meta {
  color: #6a6f77;
  font-size: 13px;
  line-height: 1.35;
  margin: 0 0 8px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider .oup-related-card .oup-related-card-content .oup-related-card-title {
  color: #002147;
  font-size: 22px;
  font-weight: 800;
  line-height: 1.12;
  margin: 0 0 14px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider .oup-related-card .oup-related-card-content .oup-related-card-title a {
  color: #002147;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider .oup-related-card .oup-related-card-content .oup-related-card-title a:hover {
  color: #002147;
  opacity: 0.85;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider .oup-related-card .oup-related-card-content .oup-related-card-excerpt {
  color: #5f6267;
  font-size: 17px;
  line-height: 1.4;
  margin: 0 0 28px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider .oup-related-card .oup-related-card-content .oup-related-card-button {
  align-items: center;
  background: #fff;
  border: 2px solid #2766a8;
  border-radius: 12px;
  box-shadow: 0px 3px 0px 0px #002147;
  color: #2766a8;
  display: inline-flex;
  font-size: 16px;
  font-weight: 800;
  justify-content: center;
  line-height: 1.2;
  margin-top: auto;
  min-height: 58px;
  padding-left: 22px;
  padding-right: 22px;
  text-decoration: none;
  transition-duration: 300ms;
  transition-property: background-color, color, opacity;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-slider .oup-related-card .oup-related-card-content .oup-related-card-button:hover {
  background: #2766a8;
  color: #fff;
  opacity: 1;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-controls {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  margin-top: 34px;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-controls {
    justify-content: center;
  }
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-controls #prev,
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-controls #next {
  align-items: center;
  background: #fff;
  border-radius: 12px;
  color: #002147;
  cursor: pointer;
  display: inline-flex;
  height: 56px;
  justify-content: center;
  padding: 20px;
  width: 64px;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-controls #prev:hover,
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-controls #next:hover {
  background: #f4f7fa;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-controls #prev:disabled,
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-controls #next:disabled {
  cursor: not-allowed;
  opacity: 0.35;
}
.oup-single-post .oup-single-shell .oup-single-container .oup-related-posts .oup-related-controls #prev {
  margin-right: 20px;
}